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Latex

约 1106 个字 156 行代码 8 张图片 预计阅读时间 6 分钟

Reference

Overleaf manual

基本框架

  • 第一行代码声明文本类型

    \document{article}
\begin{document}
contents
contents
\end{document}

  • 序言（before the \begin{document}）（preamble）

    \documentclass[12pt, letterpaper]{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
    • []内设置文本字体大小(12pt,11pt,10pt,9pt)，纸张尺寸(letterpaper,a4paper,legalpaper)等
    • 加载外部包(如\usepackage{graphicx}),以拓展Latex功能

标题、作者与日期

  • 在preamble部分添加三类行
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\title{title name}
\author{author's name}
\author{author's\thanks{somebody}}
\date{Year month day}
\date{today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle

\end{document}
  • 记得添加\maketitle来排版

文本

  • 斜体、粗体、下划线
**\textbf{…}
\textit{…}
\underline{…}**
  • 注释：%

图像

  • 前置：附加包（add-on package）
\usepackage{graphicx}
\graphicspath{{directory/}}
...
...
...
\includegraphics{file_path or file_name}

注意：目录地址有2个中括号

  • 为图片添加标题(captions)、标签(labels)、参考文献(references)
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\graphicspath{{images/}}

\begin{document}

\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{mesh}
    \caption{A nice plot.}
    \label{fig:mesh1}
\end{figure}

As you can see in figure \ref{fig:mesh1}, the function grows near the origin. This example is on page \pageref{fig:mesh1}.

\end{document}

常用命令：

  • \includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{mesh}
    \includegraphics 指示 LATEX 将图形的宽度设置为文本宽度的 75%，其值存储在 \textwidth 命令中。
  • \caption{A nice plot.}
    此命令设置可以放置在图形上方或下方的图形标题。如果创建图表列表，则此标题将在该列表中使用。
  • \label{fig:mesh1}
    为其添加标签。该标签用于为图像生成一个数字，并与下一个命令结合使用，将允许您引用它。 \ref{fig:mesh1} 此代码将替换为与参考图对应的数字。

创建列表

  • 可以使用环境创建不同类型的列表，这些环境用于封装实现特定排版功能所需的 LATEX 代码。
  • 环境以 \begin{*environment-name*} 开头并以\end{*environment-name*} 结尾
  • 其中*environment-name* 可以是 figure,tabular或列表类型之一：itemize 无序列表或 enumerate 有序列表。

  • 有序列表：

    \documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\begin{enumerate}
  \item This is the first entry in our list.
  \item The list numbers increase with each entry we add.
\end{enumerate}
\end{document}

    latex_1

  • 无序列表：做法相同，就是 enumerate 换成 itemize

    latex_2.svg

数学公式

两种模式：Inline math mode
Display math mode

  • Inline math mode：嵌入文本

    \documentclass[12pt, letterpaper]{article}
\begin{document}
\begin{math}
E=mc^2
\end{math} is typeset in a paragraph using inline math mode---as is $E=mc^2$, and so too is \(E=mc^2\).
\end{document}
    示例
    \[ E=mc^2 \]

    is typeset in a paragraph using inline math mode --- as is \(E=mc^2\), and so too is \(E=mc^2\)

    排版使用以下分隔符对之一：或 $ ... $ \begin{math} ... \end{math}

  • Display math mode：另行醒目

    \documentclass[12pt, letterpaper]{article}
\begin{document}
The mass-energy equivalence is described by the famous equation
\[ E=mc^2 \] discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein. 

In natural units ($c = 1$), the formula expresses the identity
\begin{equation}
E=m
\end{equation}
\end{document}
    示例

    The mass-energy equivalence is described by the famous equation

    \[ E=mc^2 \]

    discovered in 1905 by Albert Einstein
    In natural units (\(c = 1\)), the formula expresses the identity

    \[ E=m \tag{1} \]
    • 使用以下分隔符对之一：  \[ ... \]  \begin{displaymath} ... \end{displaymath}  \begin{equation} ... \end{equation} （有公式编号）
    • 示例
    \documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Subscripts in math mode are written as $a_b$ and superscripts are written as $a^b$. These can be combined and nested to write expressions such as

\[ T^{i_1 i_2 \dots i_p}_{j_1 j_2 \dots j_q} = T(x^{i_1},\dots,x^{i_p},e_{j_1},\dots,e_{j_q}) \]

We write integrals using $\int$ and fractions using $\frac{a}{b}$. Limits are placed on integrals using superscripts and subscripts:

\[ \int_0^1 \frac{dx}{e^x} =  \frac{e-1}{e} \]

Lower case Greek letters are written as $\omega$ $\delta$ etc. while upper case Greek letters are written as $\Omega$ $\Delta$.

Mathematical operators are prefixed with a backslash as $\sin(\beta)$, $\cos(\alpha)$, $\log(x)$ etc.
\end{document}
    示例

    Subscripts in math mode are written as \(a_b\) and superscripts are written as \(a^b\). These can be combined and nested to write expressions such as

    \[ T^{i_1 i_2 \dots i_p}_{j_1 j_2 \dots j_q} = T(x^{i_1},\dots,x^{i_p},e_{j_1},\dots,e_{j_q}) \]

    We write integrals using \(\int\) and fractions using \(\frac{a}{b}\). Limits are placed on integrals using superscripts and subscripts:

    \[ \int_0^1 \frac{dx}{e^x} = \frac{e-1}{e} \]

    Lower case Greek letters are written as \(\omega\) \(\delta\) etc. while upper case Greek letters are written as \(\Omega\) \(\Delta\).

    Mathematical operators are prefixed with a backslash as \(\sin(\beta)\), \(\cos(\alpha)\), \(\log(x)\) etc.

  • amsmath 包提供 equation* 的环境： \usepackage{amsath} help article.

  • 教程

    • Mathematical expressions数学表达式
    • Subscripts and superscripts下标和上标 alt text
    • Brackets and Parentheses括号和括号

    • Fractions and Binomials 分数和二项式

      • \frac{enumerator}{denominator}
      • 各类文本呈现形式 \textstyle ：在段落中应用用于数学排版的样式 \displaystyle ：将数学排版的风格单独应用于行 \scriptstyle ：应用用于下标或上标的样式 \scriptscriptstyle ：应用用于二阶下标或上标的样式
      \documentclass{article}
% Using the geometry package to reduce
% the width of help article graphics
\usepackage[textwidth=8cm]{geometry}
\usepackage{amsmath}% For the \text{...} command
\begin{document}
We use the \texttt{amsmath} package command
\verb|\text{...}| to create text-only fractions
like this:

\[\frac{\text{numerator}}{\text{denominator}}\]

Without the \verb|\text{...}| command the result 
looks like this:

\[\frac{numerator}{denominator}\]
\end{document}
      示例

      We use the amsmath package command \text(...) to create text-only fractions like this:

      \[\frac{\text{numerator}}{\text{denominator}}\]

      Without the \text(...) command the result looks like this:

      \[\frac{numerator}{denominator}\]
      \documentclass{article}
% Using the geometry package to reduce
% the width of help article graphics
\usepackage[textwidth=9.5cm]{geometry}
\begin{document}

Fractions typeset within a paragraph typically look like this: \(\frac{3x}{2}\). You can force \LaTeX{} to use the larger display style, such as \( \displaystyle \frac{3x}{2} \), which also has an effect on line spacing. The size of maths in a paragraph can also be reduced: \(\scriptstyle \frac{3x}{2}\) or \(\scriptscriptstyle \frac{3x}{2}\). For the \verb|\scriptscriptstyle| example note the reduction in spacing: characters are moved closer to the \textit{vinculum} (the line separating numerator and denominator).

Equally, you can change the style of mathematics normally typeset in display style:

\[f(x)=\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}\quad \textrm{and}\quad \textstyle f(x)=\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}\quad \textrm{and}\quad \scriptstyle f(x)=\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}\]
\end{document}
      示例

      Fractions typeset within a paragraph typically look like this: \(\frac{3x}{2}\). You can force \(\LaTeX{}\) to use the larger display style, such as \( \displaystyle \frac{3x}{2} \), which also has an effect on line spacing. The size of maths in a paragraph can also be reduced: \(\scriptstyle \frac{3x}{2}\) or \(\scriptscriptstyle \frac{3x}{2}\). For the \scriptscriptstyle example note the reduction in spacing: characters are moved closer to the \(\textit{vinculum}\) (the line separating numerator and denominator).

      Equally, you can change the style of mathematics normally typeset in display style:

      \[f(x)=\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}\quad \textrm{and}\quad \textstyle f(x)=\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}\quad \textrm{and}\quad \scriptstyle f(x)=\frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}\]

    • 套娃且字体合适的分数 \cfrac

      \documentclass{article}
% Using the geometry package to reduce
% the width of help article graphics
\usepackage[textwidth=9.5cm]{geometry}
% Load amsmath to access the \cfrac{...}{...} command
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
Fractions can be nested but, in this example, note how the default math styles, as used in the denominator, don't produce ideal results...

\[ \frac{1+\frac{a}{b}}{1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{a}}} \]

\noindent ...so we use \verb|\displaystyle| to improve typesetting:

\[ \frac{1+\frac{a}{b}} {\displaystyle 1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{a}}} \]

Here is an example which uses the \texttt{amsmath} \verb|\cfrac| command:

\[
    a_0+\cfrac{1}{a_1+\cfrac{1}{a_2+\cfrac{1}{a_3+\cdots}}}
\]

Here is another example, derived from the \texttt{amsmath} documentation, which demonstrates left
and right placement of the numerator using \verb|\cfrac[l]| and \verb|\cfrac[r]| respectively:
\[
\cfrac[l]{1}{\sqrt{2}+
\cfrac[r]{1}{\sqrt{2}+
\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}+\dotsb}}}
\]
\end{document}
      示例

      Fractions can be nested but, in this example, note how the default math styles, as used in the denominator, don't produce ideal results...

      \[ \frac{1+\frac{a}{b}}{1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{a}}} \]

      \noindent ...so we use \verb|\displaystyle| to improve typesetting:

      \[ \frac{1+\frac{a}{b}} {\displaystyle 1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{a}}} \]

      Here is an example which uses the \texttt{amsmath} \verb|\cfrac| command:

      \[ a_0+\cfrac{1}{a_1+\cfrac{1}{a_2+\cfrac{1}{a_3+\cdots}}} \]

      Here is another example, derived from the \(\text{amsmath}\) documentation, which demonstrates left and right placement of the numerator using \cfrac[l] and \cfrac[r] respectively:

      \[ \cfrac[l]{1}{\sqrt{2}+ \cfrac[r]{1}{\sqrt{2}+ \cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}+\dotsb}}} \]
      \documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\newcommand*{\contfrac}[2]{%
{
    \rlap{$\dfrac{1}{\phantom{#1}}$}%
    \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{0}{}{#1+#2}%
}
}
\[
    a_0 +
    \contfrac{a_1}{
    \contfrac{a_2}{
    \contfrac{a_3}{
    \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{0}{}{\ddots}
    }}}
\]

\end{document}
      示例

    • Operators 运算符

    • Spacing in math mode数学模式下的间距

    • Integrals, sums and limits积分、和和极限

    • Display style in math mode数学模式下的显示样式

    • List of Greek letters and math symbols希腊字母和数学符号列表

      • Greek Letters

      alt text

      • Arrows

      alt text

      • Miscellaneous symbols

      alt text

      • Binary Operation/Relation Symbols

      alt text

    • Mathematical fonts 数学字体